Corrigendum: Table and Text Correction. Recent Updates on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Management for Clinicians

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effects of flow frequency noise on periodontal ligament- a histomorphologic study on mouse

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of low frequency noise on histomorphology of periodontal ligament of mouse. The study was randomized control trial of three month duration. Thirty adult BALB/c mice, half male and half female, were randomly divided into three groups. Control group A was kept in normal environment of animal house. Experimental group B was kept in silent condition while experimental group C was exposed to low frequency noise of 200 Hz continuously. At the end of three months, mice were euthanized, mandible removed and sections were taken for light microscopic study Overall there was significant difference when comparing groups A [normal environment], B [silent group], and C [low frequency noise exposed] regarding arrangement of Periodontal ligament fibers, thickness of the ligament, thickness of wall of blood vessels and destruction of alveolar bone. In most of the specimens, distortion of the normal periodontal fiber arrangement was encountered. It was concluded that exposure to low frequency noise significantly distorts the normal architecture of the periodontal ligament thus causing compromised function of the ligament

Pattern of neonatal admission at the children's hospital and the institute of child health, Multan

Neonatology is a rapidly growing paediatric sub-specialty all over the world. Neonatal disease pattern changes from time to time and place. Analyzing the neonatal admission pattern helps the policy makers to make the better strategies and health care givers to serve better. This was a descriptive study. The study data was collected of the patient admitted in neonatal unit of Children Hospital Complex and Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan from 1[st] January 2010 to 31[st] December 2010. The data of all the admitted neonates was analysed according to their causes of admission in whole one year whether admitted through emergency department or OPD clinic. Total numbers of neonatal admissions were 3,560. Birth asphyxia was found to be major cause of admission, 1,230 patients [34.5%]. Among infections, sepsis was found in as a whole in 1,009 [28.3%] of admission, pneumonia in 170 [4.7%] and meningitis in 30 [0.8%]. Out of 3,560 patients admitted, 2,550 were discharged after improvement, 290 died, and 720 left against medical advice [LAMA]. Birth asphyxia, sepsis and prematurity are the main reasons for admission in neonatal age. By paying good attention to perinatal services, we can reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates.

Prevention of diarrhea; the role of health education

To identify the role of health education in reducing diarrheal diseases in children by improving awareness among mothers regarding, washing hands with soap and water, safe feeding practices i.e. avoiding feeding left over food, use of boiled water and keeping surrounding clean. It is a quasi experimental study. Children Hospital Complex [CDDU-CHC] From March to August 2005 A total of [n= 400] mothers were randomly selected and health education was imparted during their stay in ward, Oral Rehydration Therapy [ORT] corner and Out Patient Department [OFD] visits through lectures, posters, charts, practical demonstrations and individual counseling. After this intervention, the mothers who had completed at least four follow up visits at 6 months, were studied again as at the base line on various aspects and data was analyzed in terms of percentages and frequencies. At 6 months the environmental sanitation and personal hygiene of the mothers were improved. There was marked improvement in hand washing practices, avoidance of feeding leftovers and use of boiled water. There was overall reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Heath education is an effective tool in bringing about a positive behavior modification in mothers and thus reducing incidence of diarrhea

Polymorphism of HLa-DR and HLA-DQ in rheumatoid arthritis patients and clinical response to methotrexate - a hospital-based study

To investigate the frequency and distribution of DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in Patients with rheumatoid arthritis [RA] and analyze the relationship between clinical response to methotrexate [MTX] and the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genotypes in these patients. In this case-control study, the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 polymorphism in 91 RA patients and 91 healthy controls was done using polymerase chain reaction and sequence specific primers. There was no statistical difference in frequencies of HLA-DRB1*03, DRB1*04, DRB1*07, DRB1*10, DRB1*11, DRB1*12, DRB1*13, DRB1*14, DRB1*15 and DRB1*16 genotypes between patients and controls. However, DRB1*01 was found to be significantly more common [p=0.015] in RA patients compared to controls. HLA-DRB1*15 was more common in patients [43.5%] compared to controls [30.8%] but results were not significant. HLA-DRB1*08 and DRB1*09 were present in negligible number in patients as well as controls while HLA-DRB1*12 was conspicuously absent in controls. Similarly, DQB1*06 was also significantly more common [p = 0.01] among the patients compared to healthy control subjects, while there was no statistical difference in the frequencies of DQB1*02, DQB1*03, DQB1*04 and DQB1*05 among the cases and the controls. RA susceptibility in most patients appeared to be associated with the HLA-DRB1*01/DQB1*06 genotype. Regarding association between HLA-DR or HLA-DQ genotype and clinical response to methotrexate [MTX], the data showed that with the exception of HLA-DRB1*03, there appears to be no association between the particular subtypes of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ. HLA-DRB1*03 was significantly more common among non-responders to MTX alluding to the possibility that another genes responsible for MTX metabolism, might be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1*03 in the Pakistani population, thereby making such individuals non-responsive to MTX-therapy. RA susceptibility in most Pakistani patients is associated with the HLA-DRB1*01/DQB1*06 genotype. HLA-DRB1*03 was found to be significantly more common among non-responders to MTX treatment suggesting that Pakistani patients with this genotype are less likely to benefit from MTX

burden of anxiety and depression among patients with chronic rheumatologic disorders at a tertiary care hospital clinic in Karachi, Pakistan

To study the burden of anxiety and depression as a comorbid among patients of chronic rheumatological disorders and to investigate possible determinants of depression and anxiety. It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the rheumatology clinic of The Aga Khan University Hospital [AKUH] Karachi, Pakistan. With convenient sampling, 111 patients who fulfilled inclusion/exclusion criteria were screened for anxiety and depression with help of Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale [AKUADS]. The data was entered and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences [Version 10.0]. The population consisted mainly of middle aged [mean age 41] females [80.2%]. The most common diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis 57% followed by systemic lupus erythmatosis 17% and systemic sclerosis 9%. The permanent joint deformity was present in 33.3% patients and 36.9% patients were suffering from active disease with pain and inflammation. The frequency of anxiety and depression was 65.8%. Educational qualification, permanent joint deformity, active inflammation and time elapsed since diagnosis had significant association with anxiety and depression. Marital Status, gender, economic activity and monthly family income had no effect on the frequency of anxiety and depression. Almost two third of patients with chronic rheumatological disorders, also suffered from a concomitant mood disorder. Systematic evaluation of all patients for mood disorders and psychological distress in rheumatology clinics is highly recommended